retina/examples/client/mp4.rs

// Copyright (C) 2021 Scott Lamb <slamb@slamb.org>
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT OR Apache-2.0

//! Proof-of-concept `.mp4` writer.
//!
//! This writes media data (`mdat`) to a stream, buffering parameters for a
//! `moov` atom at the end. This avoids the need to buffer the media data
//! (`mdat`) first or reserved a fixed size for the `moov`, but it will slow
//! playback, particularly when serving `.mp4` files remotely.
//!
//! For a more high-quality implementation, see [Moonfire NVR](https://github.com/scottlamb/moonfire-nvr).
//! It's better tested, places the `moov` atom at the start, can do HTTP range
//! serving for arbitrary time ranges, and supports standard and fragmented
//! `.mp4` files.
//!
//! See the BMFF spec, ISO/IEC 14496-12:2015:
//! https://github.com/scottlamb/moonfire-nvr/wiki/Standards-and-specifications
//! https://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/c068960_ISO_IEC_14496-12_2015.zip

use anyhow::{anyhow, bail, Error};
use bytes::{Buf, BufMut, BytesMut};
use futures::StreamExt;
use log::info;
use retina::codec::{AudioParameters, CodecItem, VideoParameters};

use std::convert::TryFrom;
use std::io::SeekFrom;
use std::num::NonZeroU32;
use std::path::PathBuf;
use tokio::io::{AsyncSeek, AsyncSeekExt, AsyncWrite, AsyncWriteExt};

#[derive(structopt::StructOpt)]
pub struct Opts {
    #[structopt(flatten)]
    src: super::Source,

    #[structopt(default_value, long)]
    initial_timestamp: retina::client::InitialTimestampPolicy,

    #[structopt(long)]
    no_video: bool,

    #[structopt(long)]
    no_audio: bool,

    #[structopt(long)]
    allow_loss: bool,

    #[structopt(long)]
    ignore_spurious_data: bool,

    #[structopt(parse(try_from_str))]
    out: PathBuf,
}

/// Writes a box length for everything appended in the supplied scope.
macro_rules! write_box {
    ($buf:expr, $fourcc:expr, $b:block) => {{
        let _: &mut BytesMut = $buf; // type-check.
        let pos_start = $buf.len();
        let fourcc: &[u8; 4] = $fourcc;
        $buf.extend_from_slice(&[0, 0, 0, 0, fourcc[0], fourcc[1], fourcc[2], fourcc[3]]);
        let r = {
            $b;
        };
        let pos_end = $buf.len();
        let len = pos_end.checked_sub(pos_start).unwrap();
        $buf[pos_start..pos_start + 4].copy_from_slice(&u32::try_from(len)?.to_be_bytes()[..]);
        r
    }};
}

async fn write_all_buf<W: AsyncWrite + Unpin, B: Buf>(
    writer: &mut W,
    buf: &mut B,
) -> Result<(), Error> {
    // TODO: this doesn't use vectored I/O. Annoying.
    while buf.has_remaining() {
        writer.write_buf(buf).await?;
    }
    Ok(())
}

/// Writes `.mp4` data to a sink.
/// See module-level documentation for details.
pub struct Mp4Writer<W: AsyncWrite + AsyncSeek + Send + Unpin> {
    mdat_start: u32,
    mdat_pos: u32,
    video_params: Option<Box<VideoParameters>>,
    audio_params: Option<Box<AudioParameters>>,
    allow_loss: bool,

    /// The (1-indexed) video sample (frame) number of each sync sample (random access point).
    video_sync_sample_nums: Vec<u32>,

    video_trak: TrakTracker,
    audio_trak: TrakTracker,
    inner: W,
}

/// Tracks the parts of a `trak` atom which are common between video and audio samples.
#[derive(Default)]
struct TrakTracker {
    samples: u32,
    next_pos: Option<u32>,
    chunks: Vec<(u32, u32)>, // (1-based sample_number, byte_pos)
    sizes: Vec<u32>,

    /// The durations of samples in a run-length encoding form: (number of samples, duration).
    /// This lags one sample behind calls to `add_sample` because each sample's duration
    /// is calculated using the PTS of the following sample.
    durations: Vec<(u32, u32)>,
    last_pts: Option<i64>,
    tot_duration: u64,
}

impl TrakTracker {
    fn add_sample(
        &mut self,
        pos: u32,
        size: u32,
        timestamp: retina::Timestamp,
        loss: u16,
        allow_loss: bool,
    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
        if self.samples > 0 && loss > 0 && !allow_loss {
            bail!("Lost {} RTP packets mid-stream", loss);
        }
        self.samples += 1;
        if self.next_pos != Some(pos) {
            self.chunks.push((self.samples, pos));
        }
        self.sizes.push(size);
        self.next_pos = Some(pos + size);
        if let Some(last_pts) = self.last_pts.replace(timestamp.timestamp()) {
            let duration = timestamp.timestamp().checked_sub(last_pts).unwrap();
            self.tot_duration += u64::try_from(duration).unwrap();
            let duration = u32::try_from(duration)?;
            match self.durations.last_mut() {
                Some((s, d)) if *d == duration => *s += 1,
                _ => self.durations.push((1, duration)),
            }
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn finish(&mut self) {
        if self.last_pts.is_some() {
            self.durations.push((1, 0));
        }
    }

    /// Estimates the sum of the variable-sized portions of the data.
    fn size_estimate(&self) -> usize {
        (self.durations.len() * 8) + // stts
        (self.chunks.len() * 12) +   // stsc
        (self.sizes.len() * 4) +     // stsz
        (self.chunks.len() * 4) // stco
    }

    fn write_common_stbl_parts(&self, buf: &mut BytesMut) -> Result<(), Error> {
        // TODO: add an edit list so the video and audio tracks are in sync.
        write_box!(buf, b"stts", {
            buf.put_u32(0);
            buf.put_u32(u32::try_from(self.durations.len())?);
            for (samples, duration) in &self.durations {
                buf.put_u32(*samples);
                buf.put_u32(*duration);
            }
        });
        write_box!(buf, b"stsc", {
            buf.put_u32(0); // version
            buf.put_u32(u32::try_from(self.chunks.len())?);
            let mut prev_sample_number = 1;
            let mut chunk_number = 1;
            if !self.chunks.is_empty() {
                for &(sample_number, _pos) in &self.chunks[1..] {
                    buf.put_u32(chunk_number);
                    buf.put_u32(sample_number - prev_sample_number);
                    buf.put_u32(1); // sample_description_index
                    prev_sample_number = sample_number;
                    chunk_number += 1;
                }
                buf.put_u32(chunk_number);
                buf.put_u32(self.samples + 1 - prev_sample_number);
                buf.put_u32(1); // sample_description_index
            }
        });
        write_box!(buf, b"stsz", {
            buf.put_u32(0); // version
            buf.put_u32(0); // sample_size
            buf.put_u32(u32::try_from(self.sizes.len())?);
            for s in &self.sizes {
                buf.put_u32(*s);
            }
        });
        write_box!(buf, b"stco", {
            buf.put_u32(0); // version
            buf.put_u32(u32::try_from(self.chunks.len())?); // entry_count
            for &(_sample_number, pos) in &self.chunks {
                buf.put_u32(pos);
            }
        });
        Ok(())
    }
}

impl<W: AsyncWrite + AsyncSeek + Send + Unpin> Mp4Writer<W> {
    pub async fn new(
        video_params: Option<Box<VideoParameters>>,
        audio_params: Option<Box<AudioParameters>>,
        allow_loss: bool,
        mut inner: W,
    ) -> Result<Self, Error> {
        let mut buf = BytesMut::new();
        write_box!(&mut buf, b"ftyp", {
            buf.extend_from_slice(&[
                b'i', b's', b'o', b'm', // major_brand
                0, 0, 0, 0, // minor_version
                b'i', b's', b'o', b'm', // compatible_brands[0]
            ]);
        });
        buf.extend_from_slice(&b"\0\0\0\0mdat"[..]);
        let mdat_start = u32::try_from(buf.len())?;
        write_all_buf(&mut inner, &mut buf).await?;
        Ok(Mp4Writer {
            inner,
            video_params,
            audio_params,
            allow_loss,
            video_trak: TrakTracker::default(),
            audio_trak: TrakTracker::default(),
            video_sync_sample_nums: Vec::new(),
            mdat_start,
            mdat_pos: mdat_start,
        })
    }

    pub async fn finish(mut self) -> Result<(), Error> {
        self.video_trak.finish();
        self.audio_trak.finish();
        let mut buf = BytesMut::with_capacity(
            1024 + self.video_trak.size_estimate()
                + self.audio_trak.size_estimate()
                + 4 * self.video_sync_sample_nums.len(),
        );
        write_box!(&mut buf, b"moov", {
            write_box!(&mut buf, b"mvhd", {
                buf.put_u32(1 << 24); // version
                buf.put_u64(0); // creation_time
                buf.put_u64(0); // modification_time
                buf.put_u32(90000); // timescale
                buf.put_u64(self.video_trak.tot_duration);
                buf.put_u32(0x00010000); // rate
                buf.put_u16(0x0100); // volume
                buf.put_u16(0); // reserved
                buf.put_u64(0); // reserved
                for v in &[0x00010000, 0, 0, 0, 0x00010000, 0, 0, 0, 0x40000000] {
                    buf.put_u32(*v); // matrix
                }
                for _ in 0..6 {
                    buf.put_u32(0); // pre_defined
                }
                buf.put_u32(2); // next_track_id
            });
            if let Some(p) = self.video_params.as_ref() {
                self.write_video_trak(&mut buf, p)?;
            }
            if let Some(p) = self.audio_params.as_ref() {
                self.write_audio_trak(&mut buf, p)?;
            }
        });
        write_all_buf(&mut self.inner, &mut buf.freeze()).await?;
        self.inner
            .seek(SeekFrom::Start(u64::from(self.mdat_start - 8)))
            .await?;
        self.inner
            .write_all(&u32::try_from(self.mdat_pos + 8 - self.mdat_start)?.to_be_bytes()[..])
            .await?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn write_video_trak(
        &self,
        buf: &mut BytesMut,
        parameters: &VideoParameters,
    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
        write_box!(buf, b"trak", {
            write_box!(buf, b"tkhd", {
                buf.put_u32((1 << 24) | 7); // version, flags
                buf.put_u64(0); // creation_time
                buf.put_u64(0); // modification_time
                buf.put_u32(1); // track_id
                buf.put_u32(0); // reserved
                buf.put_u64(self.video_trak.tot_duration);
                buf.put_u64(0); // reserved
                buf.put_u16(0); // layer
                buf.put_u16(0); // alternate_group
                buf.put_u16(0); // volume
                buf.put_u16(0); // reserved
                for v in &[0x00010000, 0, 0, 0, 0x00010000, 0, 0, 0, 0x40000000] {
                    buf.put_u32(*v); // matrix
                }
                let dims = self
                    .video_params
                    .as_ref()
                    .map(|p| p.pixel_dimensions())
                    .unwrap_or((0, 0));
                let width = u32::from(u16::try_from(dims.0)?) << 16;
                let height = u32::from(u16::try_from(dims.1)?) << 16;
                buf.put_u32(width);
                buf.put_u32(height);
            });
            write_box!(buf, b"mdia", {
                write_box!(buf, b"mdhd", {
                    buf.put_u32(1 << 24); // version
                    buf.put_u64(0); // creation_time
                    buf.put_u64(0); // modification_time
                    buf.put_u32(90000); // timebase
                    buf.put_u64(self.video_trak.tot_duration);
                    buf.put_u32(0x55c40000); // language=und + pre-defined
                });
                write_box!(buf, b"hdlr", {
                    buf.extend_from_slice(&[
                        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // version + flags
                        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // pre_defined
                        b'v', b'i', b'd', b'e', // handler = vide
                        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // reserved[0]
                        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // reserved[1]
                        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // reserved[2]
                        0x00, // name, zero-terminated (empty)
                    ]);
                });
                write_box!(buf, b"minf", {
                    write_box!(buf, b"vmhd", {
                        buf.put_u32(1);
                        buf.put_u64(0);
                    });
                    write_box!(buf, b"dinf", {
                        write_box!(buf, b"dref", {
                            buf.put_u32(0);
                            buf.put_u32(1); // entry_count
                            write_box!(buf, b"url ", {
                                buf.put_u32(1); // version, flags=self-contained
                            });
                        });
                    });
                    write_box!(buf, b"stbl", {
                        write_box!(buf, b"stsd", {
                            buf.put_u32(0); // version
                            buf.put_u32(1); // entry_count
                            self.write_video_sample_entry(buf, parameters)?;
                        });
                        self.video_trak.write_common_stbl_parts(buf)?;
                        write_box!(buf, b"stss", {
                            buf.put_u32(0); // version
                            buf.put_u32(u32::try_from(self.video_sync_sample_nums.len())?);
                            for n in &self.video_sync_sample_nums {
                                buf.put_u32(*n);
                            }
                        });
                    });
                });
            });
        });
        Ok(())
    }

    fn write_audio_trak(
        &self,
        buf: &mut BytesMut,
        parameters: &AudioParameters,
    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
        write_box!(buf, b"trak", {
            write_box!(buf, b"tkhd", {
                buf.put_u32((1 << 24) | 7); // version, flags
                buf.put_u64(0); // creation_time
                buf.put_u64(0); // modification_time
                buf.put_u32(2); // track_id
                buf.put_u32(0); // reserved
                buf.put_u64(self.audio_trak.tot_duration);
                buf.put_u64(0); // reserved
                buf.put_u16(0); // layer
                buf.put_u16(0); // alternate_group
                buf.put_u16(0); // volume
                buf.put_u16(0); // reserved
                for v in &[0x00010000, 0, 0, 0, 0x00010000, 0, 0, 0, 0x40000000] {
                    buf.put_u32(*v); // matrix
                }
                buf.put_u32(0); // width
                buf.put_u32(0); // height
            });
            write_box!(buf, b"mdia", {
                write_box!(buf, b"mdhd", {
                    buf.put_u32(1 << 24); // version
                    buf.put_u64(0); // creation_time
                    buf.put_u64(0); // modification_time
                    buf.put_u32(parameters.clock_rate());
                    buf.put_u64(self.audio_trak.tot_duration);
                    buf.put_u32(0x55c40000); // language=und + pre-defined
                });
                write_box!(buf, b"hdlr", {
                    buf.extend_from_slice(&[
                        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // version + flags
                        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // pre_defined
                        b's', b'o', b'u', b'n', // handler = soun
                        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // reserved[0]
                        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // reserved[1]
                        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // reserved[2]
                        0x00, // name, zero-terminated (empty)
                    ]);
                });
                write_box!(buf, b"minf", {
                    write_box!(buf, b"smhd", {
                        buf.extend_from_slice(&[
                            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // version + flags
                            0x00, 0x00, // balance
                            0x00, 0x00, // reserved
                        ]);
                    });
                    write_box!(buf, b"dinf", {
                        write_box!(buf, b"dref", {
                            buf.put_u32(0);
                            buf.put_u32(1); // entry_count
                            write_box!(buf, b"url ", {
                                buf.put_u32(1); // version, flags=self-contained
                            });
                        });
                    });
                    write_box!(buf, b"stbl", {
                        write_box!(buf, b"stsd", {
                            buf.put_u32(0); // version
                            buf.put_u32(1); // entry_count
                            buf.extend_from_slice(&parameters.sample_entry().unwrap()[..]);
                        });
                        self.audio_trak.write_common_stbl_parts(buf)?;

                        // AAC requires two samples (really, each is a set of 960 or 1024 samples)
                        // to decode accurately. See
                        // https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/QuickTime/QTFF/QTFFAppenG/QTFFAppenG.html .
                        write_box!(buf, b"sgpd", {
                            // BMFF section 8.9.3: SampleGroupDescriptionBox
                            buf.put_u32(0); // version
                            buf.extend_from_slice(b"roll"); // grouping type
                            buf.put_u32(1); // entry_count
                                            // BMFF section 10.1: AudioRollRecoveryEntry
                            buf.put_i16(-1); // roll_distance
                        });
                        write_box!(buf, b"sbgp", {
                            // BMFF section 8.9.2: SampleToGroupBox
                            buf.put_u32(0); // version
                            buf.extend_from_slice(b"roll"); // grouping type
                            buf.put_u32(1); // entry_count
                            buf.put_u32(self.audio_trak.samples);
                            buf.put_u32(1); // group_description_index
                        });
                    });
                });
            });
        });
        Ok(())
    }

    fn write_video_sample_entry(
        &self,
        buf: &mut BytesMut,
        parameters: &VideoParameters,
    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
        // TODO: this should move to client::VideoParameters::sample_entry() or some such.
        write_box!(buf, b"avc1", {
            buf.put_u32(0);
            buf.put_u32(1); // data_reference_index = 1
            buf.extend_from_slice(&[0; 16]);
            buf.put_u16(u16::try_from(parameters.pixel_dimensions().0)?);
            buf.put_u16(u16::try_from(parameters.pixel_dimensions().1)?);
            buf.extend_from_slice(&[
                0x00, 0x48, 0x00, 0x00, // horizresolution
                0x00, 0x48, 0x00, 0x00, // vertresolution
                0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // reserved
                0x00, 0x01, // frame count
                0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // compressorname
                0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, //
                0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, //
                0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, //
                0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, //
                0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, //
                0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, //
                0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, //
                0x00, 0x18, 0xff, 0xff, // depth + pre_defined
            ]);
            write_box!(buf, b"avcC", {
                buf.extend_from_slice(parameters.extra_data());
            });
        });
        Ok(())
    }

    async fn video(&mut self, mut frame: retina::codec::VideoFrame) -> Result<(), Error> {
        println!(
            "{}: {}-byte video frame",
            &frame.timestamp,
            frame.data().remaining(),
        );
        if let Some(p) = frame.new_parameters.take() {
            if self.video_trak.samples > 0 {
                bail!("parameters change unimplemented. new parameters: {:#?}", p);
            }
            self.video_params = Some(p);
        }
        let size = u32::try_from(frame.data().remaining())?;
        self.video_trak.add_sample(
            self.mdat_pos,
            size,
            frame.timestamp,
            frame.loss,
            self.allow_loss,
        )?;
        self.mdat_pos = self
            .mdat_pos
            .checked_add(size)
            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("mdat_pos overflow"))?;
        if frame.is_random_access_point {
            self.video_sync_sample_nums
                .push(u32::try_from(self.video_trak.samples)?);
        }
        let mut data = frame.into_data();
        write_all_buf(&mut self.inner, &mut data).await?;
        Ok(())
    }

    async fn audio(&mut self, mut frame: retina::codec::AudioFrame) -> Result<(), Error> {
        println!(
            "{}: {}-byte audio frame",
            &frame.timestamp,
            frame.data.remaining()
        );
        let size = u32::try_from(frame.data.remaining())?;
        self.audio_trak.add_sample(
            self.mdat_pos,
            size,
            frame.timestamp,
            frame.loss,
            self.allow_loss,
        )?;
        self.mdat_pos = self
            .mdat_pos
            .checked_add(size)
            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("mdat_pos overflow"))?;
        write_all_buf(&mut self.inner, &mut frame.data).await?;
        Ok(())
    }
}

pub async fn run(opts: Opts) -> Result<(), Error> {
    let creds = super::creds(opts.src.username, opts.src.password);
    let stop = tokio::signal::ctrl_c();
    let mut session = retina::client::Session::describe(
        opts.src.url,
        retina::client::SessionOptions::default()
            .creds(creds)
            .user_agent("Retina mp4 example".to_owned())
            .ignore_spurious_data(opts.ignore_spurious_data),
    )
    .await?;
    let video_stream = if !opts.no_video {
        session
            .streams()
            .iter()
            .enumerate()
            .find_map(|(i, s)| match s.parameters() {
                Some(retina::codec::Parameters::Video(v)) => Some((i, v.clone())),
                _ => None,
            })
    } else {
        None
    };
    if let Some((i, _)) = video_stream {
        session.setup(i).await?;
    }
    let audio_stream = if !opts.no_audio {
        session
            .streams()
            .iter()
            .enumerate()
            .find_map(|(i, s)| match s.parameters() {
                Some(retina::codec::Parameters::Audio(a)) => Some((i, a.clone())),
                _ => None,
            })
    } else {
        None
    };
    if let Some((i, _)) = audio_stream {
        session.setup(i).await?;
    }
    let session = session
        .play(
            retina::client::PlayOptions::default()
                .initial_timestamp(opts.initial_timestamp)
                .enforce_timestamps_with_max_jump_secs(NonZeroU32::new(10).unwrap()),
        )
        .await?
        .demuxed()?;

    // Read RTP data.
    let out = tokio::fs::File::create(opts.out).await?;
    let mut mp4 = Mp4Writer::new(
        video_stream.map(|(_, p)| Box::new(p)),
        audio_stream.map(|(_, p)| Box::new(p)),
        opts.allow_loss,
        out,
    )
    .await?;

    tokio::pin!(session);
    tokio::pin!(stop);
    loop {
        tokio::select! {
            pkt = session.next() => {
                match pkt.ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("EOF"))?? {
                    CodecItem::VideoFrame(f) => mp4.video(f).await?,
                    CodecItem::AudioFrame(f) => mp4.audio(f).await?,
                    CodecItem::SenderReport(sr) => {
                        println!("{}: SR ts={}", sr.timestamp, sr.ntp_timestamp);
                    },
                    _ => continue,
                };
            },
            _ = &mut stop => {
                break;
            },
        }
    }
    info!("Stopping");
    mp4.finish().await?;
    Ok(())
}