diff --git a/os/src/drivers/block/virtio_blk.rs b/os/src/drivers/block/virtio_blk.rs
index ff460d75..2d853e0c 100644
--- a/os/src/drivers/block/virtio_blk.rs
+++ b/os/src/drivers/block/virtio_blk.rs
@@ -1,29 +1,19 @@
 use super::BlockDevice;
-use crate::mm::{
-    frame_alloc, frame_dealloc, kernel_token, FrameTracker, PageTable, PhysAddr, PhysPageNum,
-    StepByOne, VirtAddr,
-};
 use crate::sync::{Condvar, UPIntrFreeCell};
 use crate::task::schedule;
 use crate::DEV_NON_BLOCKING_ACCESS;
 use alloc::collections::BTreeMap;
-use alloc::vec::Vec;
-use lazy_static::*;
 use virtio_drivers::{BlkResp, RespStatus, VirtIOBlk, VirtIOHeader};
+use crate::drivers::bus::virtio::VirtioHal;
 
 #[allow(unused)]
 const VIRTIO0: usize = 0x10008000;
 
 pub struct VirtIOBlock {
-    virtio_blk: UPIntrFreeCell<VirtIOBlk<'static>>,
+    virtio_blk: UPIntrFreeCell<VirtIOBlk<'static, VirtioHal>>,
     condvars: BTreeMap<u16, Condvar>,
 }
 
-lazy_static! {
-    static ref QUEUE_FRAMES: UPIntrFreeCell<Vec<FrameTracker>> =
-        unsafe { UPIntrFreeCell::new(Vec::new()) };
-}
-
 impl BlockDevice for VirtIOBlock {
     fn read_block(&self, block_id: usize, buf: &mut [u8]) {
         let nb = *DEV_NON_BLOCKING_ACCESS.exclusive_access();
@@ -79,7 +69,7 @@ impl BlockDevice for VirtIOBlock {
 impl VirtIOBlock {
     pub fn new() -> Self {
         let virtio_blk = unsafe {
-            UPIntrFreeCell::new(VirtIOBlk::new(&mut *(VIRTIO0 as *mut VirtIOHeader)).unwrap())
+            UPIntrFreeCell::new(VirtIOBlk::<VirtioHal>::new(&mut *(VIRTIO0 as *mut VirtIOHeader)).unwrap())
         };
         let mut condvars = BTreeMap::new();
         let channels = virtio_blk.exclusive_access().virt_queue_size();
@@ -94,38 +84,3 @@ impl VirtIOBlock {
     }
 }
 
-#[no_mangle]
-pub extern "C" fn virtio_dma_alloc(pages: usize) -> PhysAddr {
-    let mut ppn_base = PhysPageNum(0);
-    for i in 0..pages {
-        let frame = frame_alloc().unwrap();
-        if i == 0 {
-            ppn_base = frame.ppn;
-        }
-        assert_eq!(frame.ppn.0, ppn_base.0 + i);
-        QUEUE_FRAMES.exclusive_access().push(frame);
-    }
-    ppn_base.into()
-}
-
-#[no_mangle]
-pub extern "C" fn virtio_dma_dealloc(pa: PhysAddr, pages: usize) -> i32 {
-    let mut ppn_base: PhysPageNum = pa.into();
-    for _ in 0..pages {
-        frame_dealloc(ppn_base);
-        ppn_base.step();
-    }
-    0
-}
-
-#[no_mangle]
-pub extern "C" fn virtio_phys_to_virt(paddr: PhysAddr) -> VirtAddr {
-    VirtAddr(paddr.0)
-}
-
-#[no_mangle]
-pub extern "C" fn virtio_virt_to_phys(vaddr: VirtAddr) -> PhysAddr {
-    PageTable::from_token(kernel_token())
-        .translate_va(vaddr)
-        .unwrap()
-}
diff --git a/os/src/drivers/bus/mod.rs b/os/src/drivers/bus/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ab8f38fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/src/drivers/bus/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pub mod virtio;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/os/src/drivers/bus/virtio.rs b/os/src/drivers/bus/virtio.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fe7bc127
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/src/drivers/bus/virtio.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
+use crate::mm::{
+    frame_alloc, frame_dealloc, kernel_token, FrameTracker, PageTable, PhysAddr, PhysPageNum,
+    StepByOne, VirtAddr,
+};
+use crate::sync::UPIntrFreeCell;
+use lazy_static::*;
+use virtio_drivers::Hal;
+
+lazy_static! {
+    static ref QUEUE_FRAMES: UPIntrFreeCell<Vec<FrameTracker>> =
+        unsafe { UPIntrFreeCell::new(Vec::new()) };
+}
+
+pub struct VirtioHal;
+
+impl Hal for VirtioHal {
+    fn dma_alloc(pages: usize) -> usize {
+        let mut ppn_base = PhysPageNum(0);
+        for i in 0..pages {
+            let frame = frame_alloc().unwrap();
+            if i == 0 {
+                ppn_base = frame.ppn;
+            }
+            assert_eq!(frame.ppn.0, ppn_base.0 + i);
+            QUEUE_FRAMES.exclusive_access().push(frame);
+        }
+        let pa: PhysAddr = ppn_base.into();
+        pa.0
+    }
+
+    fn dma_dealloc(pa: usize, pages: usize) -> i32 {
+        let pa = PhysAddr::from(pa);
+        let mut ppn_base: PhysPageNum = pa.into();
+        for _ in 0..pages {
+            frame_dealloc(ppn_base);
+            ppn_base.step();
+        }
+        0
+    }
+
+    fn phys_to_virt(addr: usize) -> usize {
+        addr
+    }
+
+    fn virt_to_phys(vaddr: usize) -> usize {
+        PageTable::from_token(kernel_token())
+            .translate_va(VirtAddr::from(vaddr))
+            .unwrap()
+            .0
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/os/src/drivers/gpu/mod.rs b/os/src/drivers/gpu/mod.rs
index 2dc80d48..29028213 100644
--- a/os/src/drivers/gpu/mod.rs
+++ b/os/src/drivers/gpu/mod.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ use core::any::Any;
 use embedded_graphics::pixelcolor::Rgb888;
 use tinybmp::Bmp;
 use virtio_drivers::{VirtIOGpu, VirtIOHeader};
+use crate::drivers::bus::virtio::VirtioHal;
 const VIRTIO7: usize = 0x10007000;
 pub trait GPUDevice: Send + Sync + Any {
     fn update_cursor(&self);
@@ -16,14 +17,14 @@ lazy_static::lazy_static!(
 );
 
 pub struct VirtIOGPU {
-    gpu: UPIntrFreeCell<VirtIOGpu<'static>>,
+    gpu: UPIntrFreeCell<VirtIOGpu<'static, VirtioHal>>,
     fb: &'static [u8],
 }
 static BMP_DATA: &[u8] = include_bytes!("../../assert/mouse.bmp");
 impl VirtIOGPU {
     pub fn new() -> Self {
         unsafe {
-            let mut virtio = VirtIOGpu::new(&mut *(VIRTIO7 as *mut VirtIOHeader)).unwrap();
+            let mut virtio = VirtIOGpu::<VirtioHal>::new(&mut *(VIRTIO7 as *mut VirtIOHeader)).unwrap();
 
             let fbuffer = virtio.setup_framebuffer().unwrap();
             let len = fbuffer.len();
diff --git a/os/src/drivers/input/mod.rs b/os/src/drivers/input/mod.rs
index 0acb0345..1da66a6d 100644
--- a/os/src/drivers/input/mod.rs
+++ b/os/src/drivers/input/mod.rs
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ use embedded_graphics::{
 };
 use k210_hal::cache::Uncache;
 use virtio_drivers::{VirtIOHeader, VirtIOInput};
+use crate::drivers::bus::virtio::VirtioHal;
 use virtio_input_decoder::{Decoder, Key, KeyType};
 
 use super::GPU_DEVICE;
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ use super::GPU_DEVICE;
 const VIRTIO5: usize = 0x10005000;
 const VIRTIO6: usize = 0x10006000;
 
-struct VirtIOINPUT(UPIntrFreeCell<VirtIOInput<'static>>);
+struct VirtIOINPUT(UPIntrFreeCell<VirtIOInput<'static, VirtioHal>>);
 
 pub trait INPUTDevice: Send + Sync + Any {
     fn handle_irq(&self);
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ lazy_static::lazy_static!(
 impl VirtIOINPUT {
     pub fn new(addr: usize) -> Self {
         Self(unsafe {
-            UPIntrFreeCell::new(VirtIOInput::new(&mut *(addr as *mut VirtIOHeader)).unwrap())
+            UPIntrFreeCell::new(VirtIOInput::<VirtioHal>::new(&mut *(addr as *mut VirtIOHeader)).unwrap())
         })
     }
 }
diff --git a/os/src/drivers/mod.rs b/os/src/drivers/mod.rs
index 4ecf8a9d..cdd37574 100644
--- a/os/src/drivers/mod.rs
+++ b/os/src/drivers/mod.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ pub mod chardev;
 pub mod gpu;
 #[cfg(feature = "board_qemu")]
 pub mod input;
+#[cfg(feature = "board_qemu")]
+pub mod bus;
 pub mod plic;
 pub use block::BLOCK_DEVICE;
 #[cfg(feature = "board_qemu")]
@@ -12,3 +14,5 @@ pub use chardev::UART;
 pub use gpu::*;
 #[cfg(feature = "board_qemu")]
 pub use input::*;
+#[cfg(feature = "board_qemu")]
+pub use bus::*;