osblog/risc_v/ch7/src/uart.rs

// uart.rs
// UART routines and driver

use core::{convert::TryInto,
           fmt::{Error, Write}};

pub struct Uart {
	base_address: usize,
}

impl Write for Uart {
	fn write_str(&mut self, out: &str) -> Result<(), Error> {
		for c in out.bytes() {
			self.put(c);
		}
		Ok(())
	}
}

impl Uart {
	pub fn new(base_address: usize) -> Self {
		Uart { base_address }
	}

	pub fn init(&mut self) {
		let ptr = self.base_address as *mut u8;
		unsafe {
			// First, set the word length, which
			// are bits 0 and 1 of the line control register (LCR)
			// which is at base_address + 3
			// We can easily write the value 3 here or 0b11, but I'm
			// extending it so that it is clear we're setting two
			// individual fields
			//             Word 0     Word 1
			//             ~~~~~~     ~~~~~~
			let lcr: u8 = (1 << 0) | (1 << 1);
			ptr.add(3).write_volatile(lcr);

			// Now, enable the FIFO, which is bit index 0 of the
			// FIFO control register (FCR at offset 2).
			// Again, we can just write 1 here, but when we use left
			// shift, it's easier to see that we're trying to write
			// bit index #0.
			ptr.add(2).write_volatile(1 << 0);

			// Enable receiver buffer interrupts, which is at bit
			// index 0 of the interrupt enable register (IER at
			// offset 1).
			ptr.add(1).write_volatile(1 << 0);

			// If we cared about the divisor, the code below would
			// set the divisor from a global clock rate of 22.729
			// MHz (22,729,000 cycles per second) to a signaling
			// rate of 2400 (BAUD). We usually have much faster
			// signalling rates nowadays, but this demonstrates what
			// the divisor actually does. The formula given in the
			// NS16500A specification for calculating the divisor
			// is:
			// divisor = ceil( (clock_hz) / (baud_sps x 16) )
			// So, we substitute our values and get:
			// divisor = ceil( 22_729_000 / (2400 x 16) )
			// divisor = ceil( 22_729_000 / 38_400 )
			// divisor = ceil( 591.901 ) = 592

			// The divisor register is two bytes (16 bits), so we
			// need to split the value 592 into two bytes.
			// Typically, we would calculate this based on measuring
			// the clock rate, but again, for our purposes [qemu],
			// this doesn't really do anything.
			let divisor: u16 = 592;
			let divisor_least: u8 =
				(divisor & 0xff).try_into().unwrap();
			let divisor_most: u8 =
				(divisor >> 8).try_into().unwrap();

			// Notice that the divisor register DLL (divisor latch
			// least) and DLM (divisor latch most) have the same
			// base address as the receiver/transmitter and the
			// interrupt enable register. To change what the base
			// address points to, we open the "divisor latch" by
			// writing 1 into the Divisor Latch Access Bit (DLAB),
			// which is bit index 7 of the Line Control Register
			// (LCR) which is at base_address + 3.
			ptr.add(3).write_volatile(lcr | 1 << 7);

			// Now, base addresses 0 and 1 point to DLL and DLM,
			// respectively. Put the lower 8 bits of the divisor
			// into DLL
			ptr.add(0).write_volatile(divisor_least);
			ptr.add(1).write_volatile(divisor_most);

			// Now that we've written the divisor, we never have to
			// touch this again. In hardware, this will divide the
			// global clock (22.729 MHz) into one suitable for 2,400
			// signals per second. So, to once again get access to
			// the RBR/THR/IER registers, we need to close the DLAB
			// bit by clearing it to 0.
			ptr.add(3).write_volatile(lcr);
		}
	}

	pub fn put(&mut self, c: u8) {
		let ptr = self.base_address as *mut u8;
		unsafe {
			ptr.add(0).write_volatile(c);
		}
	}

	pub fn get(&mut self) -> Option<u8> {
		let ptr = self.base_address as *mut u8;
		unsafe {
			if ptr.add(5).read_volatile() & 1 == 0 {
				// The DR bit is 0, meaning no data
				None
			}
			else {
				// The DR bit is 1, meaning data!
				Some(ptr.add(0).read_volatile())
			}
		}
	}
}